shuangxin pva

The core of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) performance lies in its degree of hydrolysis. The 88 Series PVA, which is partially hydrolyzed (usually around 87.0 to 89.0 mol%), differs from the fully hydrolyzed 99 Series in that it provides better flexibility, interfacial activity, and water solubility that can be adjusted. When PVA is partially hydrolyzed, about 11% to 13% of vinyl acetate groups (-OAc) are kept in the molecular chain. Because of these hydrophobic groups, the 88 Series PVA acts as an amphiphilic substance with high interfacial activity, unlike the 99 Series. Because of this, it works well as a protective colloid in emulsion polymerization and as a flexible base for strong adhesives and coatings with specific functions.     1. Molecular Structure Determines Function: Amphiphilicity and Protective Colloid Mechanism 1.1  Amphiphilicity Due to Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Balance Partially hydrolyzed 88 series PVA molecular chains possess two functional groups with vastly different polarities: Hydrophilic groups: A large number of hydroxyl groups (-OH). Hydrophobic groups: A small number of evenly distributed vinyl acetate groups (-OAc). This structure makes PVA a highly effective high-molecular-weight surfactant or protective colloid. When dissolved in water, the molecular chains adsorb at the water-oil (monomer) interface, with the hydrophobic groups tending to embed into the oil phase, while the hydrophilic groups extend toward the water phase. This unique arrangement forms a stable, high-molecular-weight physical barrier (i.e., a protective steric barrier) around the oil phase particles, effectively preventing aggregation of emulsion particles during polymerization, storage, or mechanical shear, and is the core mechanism for ensuring emulsion stability. 1.2 Reduced Crystallinity and Improved Water Solubility Unlike the highly regular structure of the 99 series, the irregular distribution of vinyl acetate groups on the molecular chain disrupts the regular packing of PVA molecules, resulting in: Reduced crystallinity: The proportion of crystalline regions decreases, weakening the hydrogen bond network. Improved cold-water solubility: Lower crystallinity allows water molecules to more easily penetrate and disrupt the amorphous region structure. Therefore, 88 series PVA can dissolve quickly or even completely at lower temperatures (typically 40°C to 60°C), greatly simplifying dissolution operations during formulation and production.   2. Effect of Degree of Polymerization on Rheological Properties and Stability Given a consistent level of partial hydrolysis, the key differences between different PVA grades are mainly in their average degree of polymerization (DP) or molecular weight (MW). The DP has a direct impact on the viscosity of the PVA solution, the thickness of the steric barrier layer, and how the emulsion ultimately performs. The refined positioning of ElephChem's 88 series grades: ElephChem PVA Average degree of polymerization Average molecular weight Core application positioning 2688 / 2488 2400~2650 118000~130000 High molecular weight: Provides the strongest steric protection and is used in emulsion polymerizations requiring the highest stability (such as high-performance VAE emulsions). 2088 / 1788 1700~2100 84000~104000 General purpose: Balances viscosity and protection for general-purpose PVAc and VAE emulsions and adhesives. 1792 1700~1800 54000~60000 Medium-low molecular weight: Suitable for specialty water-soluble fibers and viscosity-sensitive coating systems. 0588 / 0488 420~650 21000~32000 Ultra-low molecular weight: Minimal effect on solution viscosity, suitable for inks, inkjet coatings, or as a co-stabilizer in emulsions. High degree of polymerization (Polyvinyl Alcohol 2688 / Polyvinyl Alcohol 2488): Long molecular chains provide a stronger steric hindrance. In emulsion polymerization, long chains help distribute and stabilize monomer droplets and polymer particles, which is needed for high-solids, high-viscosity emulsions. Ultra-low degree of polymerization (Polyvinyl Alcohol 0488 / Polyvinyl Alcohol 0588): These stabilizers function similarly to small-molecule emulsifiers, but provide improved polymer adhesion. Their low viscosity allows them to be used in high-solids coatings and slurry systems without affecting the rheological properties of the final product.   3. Analysis of Key Industrial Applications of Partially Hydrolyzed 88 Series PVA The interfacial activity and controllable water solubility of the 88 series PVAs give them core competitiveness in the fine chemicals, adhesives, and specialty materials sectors: 3.1 Emulsion Polymerization Industry: Stabilizers and Protective Colloids This is the core and irreplaceable application of the 88 series PVAs. It is widely used in the polymerization of monomers such as vinyl acetate (VAc), acrylates, and styrene-acrylates, and is a key additive in the manufacture of PVAc, VAE, and acrylate emulsions. Mechanism: 88 Series PVA acts as a protective colloid, not only stabilizing the emulsion during the initial polymerization phase but, more importantly, determining the freeze-thaw resistance, mechanical shear stability, and rewettability of the final emulsion. Applications: Architectural coating emulsions (such as interior wall latex paint), wood adhesives (white latex), textile nonwoven adhesives, carpet adhesives, etc. 3.2 Water-Solubility and Functional Films/Fibers The low crystallinity of partially hydrolyzed PVA makes it easier to dissolve quickly in cold water, making it a preferred environmentally friendly packaging material. Water-Soluble Packaging Film: Used for quantitative packaging of products such as pesticides, dyes, detergents, and laundry detergent beads. Upon application of water, the film quickly dissolves, releasing the contents, providing both convenience and environmental friendliness. Water-Soluble Fiber: Used in the textile industry as temporary support yarn or "sacrificial" yarn. After the fabric is finished, the PVA fibers dissolve in warm water, leaving behind a fabric with a special openwork or structural effect. 3.3 Adhesive and Coating Systems Adhesives: Due to the retention of hydrophobic groups in the molecular chain, 88-series PVA has better affinity and adhesion to certain hydrophobic surfaces and organic materials than 99-series PVA. It is widely used in specialty paper adhesives and rewettable adhesives (such as postage stamp adhesives). Specialty Coatings: Ultra-low molecular weight grades (such as 0488) can be used as ink-receiving coating additives for inkjet printing paper, providing excellent pigment binding and fast drying properties without significantly increasing coating viscosity. 3.4 Other Fine Chemical Applications Suspension Polymerization Dispersant: Used in the suspension polymerization of PVC resins, it helps control the size, porosity, and density of PVC particles, which is crucial to the processing properties of PVC resins. Ceramic Binder: Used as a temporary binder for bonding ceramics before molding and sintering. After sintering, it can be completely burned and vaporized, leaving no residue.   4. Conclusion: Continuous Innovation in Partially Hydrolyzed 88 Series PVA ElephChem partially hydrolyzed 88 Series PVA takes full advantage of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements in its molecular structure. This allows for careful control during emulsion polymerization and affects how well it sticks and dissolves in water. If the 99 Series is the "rebar" of structural materials, then the 88 Series is the "stabilizer" and "flexibility controller" of fine chemical systems. Partially hydrolyzed 88 Series PVA is still critical to the growth of modern fine chemicals and sustainable materials. This is due to the continued expansion of markets, like those for green water-based coatings, good emulsions, and biodegradable packaging, along with PVA's special interfacial chemistry and grade system.   Website: www.elephchem.com Whatsapp: (+)86 13851435272 E-mail: admin@elephchem.com

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is one of the most important and widely used water-soluble polymers in industrial applications. Its preparation process involves first polymerizing vinyl acetate (VAc) to form polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). The vinyl acetate groups (-OAc) on the PVAc are then converted to hydroxyl groups (-OH) through an alcoholysis (hydrolysis) reaction. Based on the degree of alcoholysis, PVA is divided into two major series: fully hydrolyzed and partially hydrolyzed.     Fully hydrolyzed 99 series PVA (such as ElephChem pva 2699, 2499, 2099, and 1799) refers to grades with a degree of hydrolysis of 99.0 mol% or higher. This extremely high degree of hydrolysis is the core prerequisite for these PVA grades to achieve high performance, strength, and water resistance. This blog will analyze, from four perspectives: molecular structure, grade differentiation, performance advantages, and key application areas, how fully hydrolyzed 99 Series PVA has become the cornerstone of "hardcore" materials such as high-performance fibers, specialty films, and durable adhesives.   1.Molecular Structure Determine Performance: The Mechanism and Effect of Complete Hydrolysis   1.1 Hydroxyl Density and Hydrogen Bonding Network Construction In the fully hydrolyzed 99 Series, nearly all hydrophobic vinyl acetate groups on the molecular chain are replaced by hydrophilic hydroxyl groups. Hydroxyl groups (-OH) are extremely polar functional groups that form strong intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, building a highly dense and stable three-dimensional network. This dense hydrogen-bonding network contributes to two crucial molecular effects: High crystallinity: Strong hydrogen bonding forces enable PVA molecular chains to stack neatly and tightly, forming highly ordered crystalline regions. This increased crystallinity is the fundamental reason for the high tensile strength and high modulus of 99 Series PVA. Water Resistance: The dense hydrogen bond network makes it difficult for external water molecules to penetrate the crystals at room temperature and disrupt the connections between the molecular chains, effectively preventing PVA from dissolving. Therefore, 99 series PVA is essentially insoluble in water at room temperature and typically requires hot water above 90°C to fully dissolve and disperse. This ensures its structural stability in humid environments and aqueous systems.   1.2 Linear Correlation between Degree of Polymerization and Viscosity/Strength Assuming a constant degree of hydrolysis (HD>99.0%), the differences between fully hydrolyzed 99 series PVA grades are primarily determined by the average degree of polymerization (DP) or average molecular weight (MW). DP is a key parameter that determines the rheological properties of polymer solutions and the mechanical properties of the final product. The DP ladder of ElephChem 99 series grades (based on the average DP): Ultra-High DP (Polyvinyl Alcohol 2699): DP = 2600-3000. These grades have the longest molecular chains and the highest degree of chain entanglement. Its highest solution viscosity imparts exceptional cohesive strength and adhesion to the cured material, making it an ideal choice for manufacturing high-strength, high-modulus fibers and specialty high-viscosity adhesives. Medium-high degree of polymerization (Polyvinyl Alcohol 2499 / Polyvinyl Alcohol 2099): DP = 2,000-2,500. This grade offers a balanced viscosity and mechanical properties. It is the most widely used grade for sizing agents in the textile industry and for general-purpose, high-performance coatings and films. Medium-low degree of polymerization (Polyvinyl Alcohol 1799): DP = 1,700-1,800. Its relatively low solution viscosity facilitates its use in systems with high solids content or requiring rapid penetration. For example, precursors for polyvinyl butyral (PVB) require precise molecular weight control (e.g., 1799 for PVB, MW = 76,000-82,000) to ensure efficient acetalization and the quality of the resulting interlayer film.   2. Core Performance Advantages of the Fully Hydrolyzed PVA 99 Series Excellent Mechanical Properties (High Strength, High Modulus): High crystallinity gives PVA high tensile strength and modulus. Wet or dry-wet spinning yields high-strength, high-modulus PVA fibers with properties comparable to those of ultra-high-density polyethylene (UHMWPE). These fibers are a key raw material for replacing asbestos in cement reinforcement and ballistic materials. Excellent Gas Barrier Properties: PVA films, particularly those produced from the 99 series, offer one of the best barrier properties against gases like oxygen and nitrogen among known polymer materials. The highly hydrogen-bonded network within their molecular structure prevents gas permeation, making them ideal as high-performance barrier layers for oxygen-sensitive food and pharmaceutical packaging. Chemical and Oil Resistance: The 99 series PVA shows good resistance to solvents, oils, greases, and weak acids and bases because its molecules are very stable and it has few non-crystalline areas. This makes it useful for industrial coatings and special glues.  Thermal stability: High crystallinity gives 99 series PVA a higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm), improving the material's resistance to heat deformation and upper temperature limit.   3. Analysis of Key Industrial Applications of Fully Hydrolyzed 99 Series PVA The unique properties of 99 Series PVA make it irreplaceable in multiple high-value-added sectors:   3.1 High-Strength High-Modulus PVA Fiber (HTHM PVA Fiber) This is one of the most valuable end-products of 99 Series PVA. For example, the 1799 grade, with a DP of approximately 1750, achieves a high degree of molecular orientation through specialized spinning, heat treatment, and stretching processes. Applications: Used to replace asbestos and steel mesh in construction, it reinforces cement, mortar, and concrete, significantly improving the material's impact resistance, freeze-thaw resistance, and fatigue resistance. It is widely used in civil engineering structures such as highways, water conservancy projects, tunnel linings, and cement slabs.   3.2 Textile and Paper Industry Textile Warp Sizing: High-polymerization grades such as 2499 and 2699 provide an extremely tough and smooth size film, significantly improving the abrasion resistance and breaking strength of warp yarns during weaving. They are the preferred size for high-density, high-count fabrics (such as denim and premium cotton). Papermaking Surface Sizing Agent: As a surface sizing agent, the 99 series PVA forms a high-strength film on the surface of paper, significantly improving its surface strength, folding resistance, and printability. This is crucial for high-end coated paper and specialty functional papers (such as thermal paper and dust-free paper).   3.3 Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) Precursor PVB is a core material for automotive safety glass and architectural laminated glass. As an intermediate in the acetalization reaction, the quality of PVA directly determines the optical clarity, toughness, adhesion, and aging resistance of the final PVB film. Grades: 1799 specialty grades (such as SX-I/II/III) with a DP ≈ 1700-1850 are precisely designed to ensure ideal molecular structure and uniform dispersion during the subsequent acetalization reaction, meeting the stringent optical quality requirements of safety glass.   3.4 High-Performance Building Adhesives and Dry-Mix Mortars In the construction industry, 99-series PVAs are used as high-performance additives to improve material durability and adhesion. Applications: As secondary dispersing binders and water-retaining agents in mortars and putty powders, their high bond strength and water resistance ensure the stability and durability of wall putties, tile adhesives, and other materials in humid and temperature-stable environments.   4. Conclusion: Future Outlook for Fully Hydrolyzed 99-Series PVA 99-series PVAs are a classic and promising branch of polymer materials science. By precisely controlling the degree of hydrolysis and polymerization, as demonstrated by ElephChem's grade system, the industry can develop specialized grades tailored to meet the demands of diverse and demanding applications. From high-strength fibers that reinforce modern infrastructure, to PVB interlayer films that ensure safety, to environmentally friendly, high-performance coatings that enhance quality of life, the 99 series PVA, with its unparalleled strength, stability, and water resistance, continues to play a key role as a driver of high-performance, "hardcore" materials in the upgrading and sustainable development of the global manufacturing industry. As novel uses, like 3D printing and medical hydrogels, ask for better PVA, studies into improving and changing the 99 series PVA will likely increase. This will probably expand its value in industry and its market potential.   Website: www.elephchem.com Whatsapp: (+)86 13851435272 E-mail: admin@elephchem.com  

In today's industry, new materials are boosting how well products work. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is one of these. It's a special kind of synthetic polymer that's becoming very important for making glues, coatings, and films. PVA is great at forming films, sticking things together, dissolving in water, and blocking stuff from getting through. All these things make products better and more competitive.   1. PVA in Adhesives: The Cornerstone of Strong Adhesion PVA stands out because it sticks things together very well. Its molecular structure contains numerous hydroxyl (-OH) groups, which form strong hydrogen bonds with a variety of substrates, resulting in a secure bond.   How PVA Works in Adhesives: Excellent Adhesive Properties: PVA's hydroxyl groups allow it to wet and stick to things like paper, wood, cloth, leather, and certain plastics, creating a strong bond. Excellent Film-Forming Properties: When PVA solution dries, it makes a continuous, smooth, and very flexible film. This film helps the glue stick better. It also spreads stress evenly on the surface, which lowers stress points and makes the bond stronger and last longer. Excellent Cohesive Strength: Hydrogen bonding between PVA molecular chains also imparts high cohesive strength to the adhesive layer, making the bond less susceptible to breakage when subjected to external forces. Modified Polymer Adhesives: PVA is often used as a modifier for polymer adhesives such as polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsions. The addition of PVA significantly increases the viscosity, cohesive strength, wet adhesion, and initial tack of PVAc-based adhesives, while also improving their film-forming properties. Typical Product Applications: Paper and Packaging: PVA is a key adhesive component in the production of products such as paperboard, corrugated boxes, envelopes, and tapes. Its rapid cure and high bond strength meet the demands of high-speed production lines. Wood and Furniture: In the woodworking industry, PVA-based adhesives are favored for their excellent adhesion to wood and relatively low cost. Textiles: PVA can be used as a textile adhesive for non-woven fabric production and garment lamination.   2. PVA in Coatings: Improving Performance and Aesthetics PVA is also widely used in coatings. It not only serves as a film-forming agent but also as an additive, significantly improving the coating's application performance and final film finish. Mechanisms of PVA in Coatings: Enhancing Adhesion: Similar to its role in adhesives, PVA helps the coating adhere better to the substrate surface, reducing flaking and blistering, and improving coating durability. Improving Leveling and Uniformity: PVA's film-forming properties help create a smooth, uniform coating. In paper coatings, PVA acts as a carrier, helping evenly distribute pigments and optical brighteners, enhancing the paper's gloss and printability. Thickening and Stabilization: In water-based coatings, PVA acts as a thickener, adjusting the viscosity and making it easier to apply. It also acts as a protective colloid, stabilizing pigment dispersions and preventing settling. Optical Enhancement: In paper or textile coatings, PVA is an excellent carrier for optical brighteners. It helps the agents distribute more evenly and anchor them to the surface, effectively absorbing UV light and reflecting bluish-white light, significantly improving the product's whiteness and brightness. Typical Product Applications: Paper Coating: CCP Polyvinyl Alcohol BP-05 (CCP BP 05), a partially hydrolyzed form of PVA, exhibits both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, making it ideal as a component in paper coatings. It improves paper's smoothness, printability, ink bleed resistance, and surface strength. BP-05 is recommended for paper coating, indicating its specialized application in this area. Architectural Coatings: In building materials such as cement mortar and gypsum board, PVA can be used as an additive to improve flexibility, bonding strength, and crack resistance. Specialty Coatings: PVA can also be used to create high-performance coatings, such as packaging coatings with excellent barrier properties, or as a surface treatment for leather, making it smoother and easier to print.   3. PVA in Films: A Model of Versatility PVA film is very useful because of its special mix of features. It can be used in many areas, especially for packaging and things that are thrown away after use. Properties of PVA Film: High Barrier: PVA film keeps oxygen and smells out well. This makes it a good option for keeping safe things that are easily changed or have strong smells. Water Solubility and Biodegradability: One of the best things about PVA film is that it can dissolve in water. Also, it can break down under certain conditions, which is good for the environment. This helps meet the rising needs for eco-friendly products. This gives it unique advantages in disposable and water-soluble film applications. Controllable Water Solubility: By controlling the degree of polymerization and hydrolysis of PVA, its dissolution rate and temperature in water can be precisely tailored to meet the needs of various applications. Chemical Stability: PVA exhibits excellent resistance to oils, greases, and most organic solvents. Typical Product Applications: Soluble Packaging: Selvol Polyvinyl Alcohol 205 (Celvol 205), a partially hydrolyzed PVA with low viscosity, sees main application across adhesives, papermaking, and textile sectors. Its low viscosity can make it more useful in some film and coating processes. A common use involves creating packaging films for things like laundry detergent and dishwashing tabs. People can just put the whole package in water, and it will dissolve. This makes things easier and cuts down on plastic waste. Agricultural Film: Controlled-release PVA films can be used to encapsulate pesticides or fertilizers, slowly releasing them under specific conditions to reduce environmental pollution. Medical Applications: PVA's biocompatibility and controllable properties also offer potential applications in the medical field, such as drug delivery vehicles and contact lenses.   4. The Future of PVA Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), with its unique chemical structure and physical properties, plays a vital role in three major areas: adhesives, coatings, and films. From providing strong adhesion, enhancing the decorative and protective properties of coatings, to creating environmentally friendly and convenient packaging solutions, PVA's applications are continuously deepening and expanding.   Website: www.elephchem.com Whatsapp: (+)86 13851435272 E-mail: admin@elephchem.com

You encounter Polyvinyl Alcohol every day, whether you know it or not. Manufacturers rely on this material for its water solubility, biodegradability, and film-forming ability. Industries such as textiles, packaging, paper, and construction depend on its unique properties to create safer, more sustainable products.   1. What Is Polyvinyl Alcohol? You may wonder what Polyvinyl Alcohol is. This material is a synthetic polymer created through the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. Its molecular structure features repeating units of [CH2-CHOH]n. You will find Polyvinyl Alcohol in many products, including well-known grades like Mowiol 10-98, shuangxin pva, and PVA 205. Primary chemical characteristics include: Water solubility from hydroxyl groups Thermal stability with a melting point near 230°C Good mechanical strength and flexibility Common grades you might encounter: PVA 2488, PVA 1788, PVA 2088 Fully hydrolyzed and partially hydrolyzed types   2. How PVA Is Made? You can understand the production of Polyvinyl Alcohol by looking at its industrial process. Manufacturers start with polyvinyl acetate and use hydrolysis to convert acetoxy groups into hydroxyl groups. This step creates different grades of PVA.   Step Description 1 Hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate to convert acetoxy groups to hydroxyl groups. 2 Control of hydrolysis extent to produce different grades of PVA.   You will see that the process involves dissolving polyvinyl acetate in alcohol and using an alkaline catalyst. Hydrolysis removes acetate groups but keeps the polymer structure intact.   3. Is PVA a Plastic? You might ask if Polyvinyl Alcohol is a plastic. PVA is a synthetic polymer made from petroleum sources. Many people associate it with plastics because of its origin and properties. Some definitions include PVA as a plastic, but it differs from conventional plastics in several ways.   Property Description Water-solubility PVA dissolves in water, unlike most plastics. Biodegradability PVA breaks down naturally, making it eco-friendly. Biocompatibility PVA is safe for biomedical uses.   You will notice that Polyvinyl Alcohol offers high tensile strength, flexibility, and excellent film-forming abilities. These features set it apart from other synthetic polymers.   4. Properties and Industrial Uses     You will notice that Polyvinyl Alcohol stands out because of its unique combination of properties. This material dissolves in water at any concentration, which makes it highly versatile for many applications. However, as you increase the amount of PVA in water, the solution becomes thicker and harder to handle. Polyvinyl Alcohol forms solutions in water at any concentration. Higher concentrations lead to increased viscosity, which can limit practical use. You can rely on PVA for its strong adhesive qualities, even though its adhesive strength is lower than some other common adhesives. Here is a comparison of adhesive strength:   Adhesive Type Adhesive Strength Characteristics Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Lower Nonstructural, effective for wood, paper, fabric; weak thermal stability, water resistance, aging resistance. Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAC) Moderate Good adhesive power for polar materials; suitable for nonmetal materials like glass and wood. Epoxy Resin High Extremely strong, durable; suitable for structural applications, bonds well with various materials.   You will also find that PVA creates clear, flexible films. These films offer excellent barrier properties and help improve the durability of products. Another important property is biodegradability. PVA can break down naturally, which supports eco-friendly practices.   5. Why PVA Is Essential? You might wonder why Polyvinyl Alcohol is so important in modern industry. Its unique properties allow you to solve challenges in manufacturing, packaging, and product design. PVA’s water solubility and film-forming ability make it a top choice for eco-friendly packaging. Its adhesive strength and flexibility support high-quality paper, textiles, and construction materials. PVA is biodegradable, which helps reduce plastic waste in landfills and water bodies. Water-soluble films made from PVA provide an eco-friendly option for packaging. PVA coatings improve product integrity and barrier properties. Edible coatings made from PVA extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. You will find that PVA is marketed as an eco-friendly alternative because of its water solubility and potential for biodegradability. Many industries choose PVA to support sustainable practices and reduce their environmental impact. As you look for ways to make products safer and more sustainable, PVA remains a key material in your toolkit.   6. Safety and Environmental Impact You can feel confident using Polyvinyl Alcohol in many settings because it has a strong safety profile. The FDA approves it for food packaging and pharmaceutical capsules, which shows its suitability for direct contact with humans. PVA is non-toxic and water-soluble, making it less harmful than many traditional polymers. You may notice some risks in industrial environments. Prolonged or repeated skin contact with PVA adhesives can cause skin irritation or dermatitis, especially if you have sensitive skin. Inhaling dust or fumes during manufacturing may lead to respiratory discomfort. You can reduce these risks by wearing gloves and masks and ensuring proper ventilation. PVA is FDA-approved for food and pharmaceutical use. Non-toxic and water-soluble. Skin irritation or respiratory discomfort may occur with direct exposure.   Website: www.elephchem.com Whatsapp: (+)86 13851435272 E-mail: admin@elephchem.com